Oleh-leh

Oleh-leh (also written Olehleh, modern Uleelheue) was the principal landing-place and port of the Dutch in Atjeh during the Atjeh-oorlog, situated on the coast west of the mouth of the Atjeh river. It became the principal post on the Westerlinie after its occupation in May-June 1874, and the western terminus of the railway to Kota Radja completed in November 1876. The reede of Oleh-leh, especially during the west monsoon, offered many advantages over that of the mouth of the Atjeh river, and the Dutch accordingly made it the principal landing and loading place for the garrison of Kota Radja.

Occupation and Development

When in May-June 1874 the Dutch occupied the Westerlinie — a series of posts west of Kota Radja to connect it with Marassa and Lampassei — the principal post was Oleh-leh on the coast west of the mouth of the Atjeh river. As the reede of Oleh-leh, especially during the west monsoon, proved to offer many advantages over that of the mouth of the Atjeh river, it was made suitable for unloading and loading by the construction of a temporary bamboo sea-head, replaced on 11 August 11 August 1874 by a wooden auxiliary head built by the engineers.

For the better preservation of the connection with the Atjeh river and to defeat the enemy’s attempts to cut the Dutch off from it, the Noorderlinie was also strengthened by the establishment of posts at Lamara and Kota Radja Bedil. In July 1874, in order to maintain communication with Oleh-leh, Soerian was occupied after a fierce fight in which a first storming had failed; in September 1874 Langkroek was taken to better defend the right bank of the Atjeh river; in November 1874 the kampong Lemboe was taken and a fortification was set up at Kota-Alam to secure the east side of Kota Radja and to ensure safe navigation on the Atjeh river.

The Iron Screw-Pile Sea-Head and the Railway

By Indies decree of 12 April 12 April 1875 a commission was appointed to investigate locally the causes of the many and serious cases of illness that occurred in Atjeh and to indicate the means by which improvements might be brought about. To the proposals made in its report of 1 July 1 July partial effect was given, and thereby once again ample work was provided for the engineers. They had of course also to provide for the putting in order of the various posts and for the works at the sea-head on iron screw-piles at Oleh-leh, which was completed in September 1876, and at the railway between Oleh-leh and Kota Radja, which was completed in November 1876.

Van Lansberge’s Inspection, March 1877

When the Governor-General Van Lansberge arrived at Oleh-leh on 14 March 14 March 1877 for his inspection of the theatre of war, he found: “On the roadstead of Oleh-leh there prevailed, in consequence of the number of ships lying there, great activity; on shore the high visitor was struck by the neat appearance of houses and streets, the efficient lighting of these, and the influx of Atjehers on the pasar.”

In the Hikajat prang Kompeuni

In the Hikajat Prang Kompeuni Oleh-leh appears alongside Kota Radja as the commercial centre of the Dutch establishment: “The Radja Moeda, Toekoe Nja Moekamat, strained every effort to bring the chief place and Oleh-leh to prosperity, and succeeded so well, that the population fled from their villages in streams not to be stemmed to the chief place, and fraternised with the kafirs. One lived as in continual festivity, drove profitable trade, and the war-leaders could find no people to follow them.”

Account from De Kleine Oosterling (1901) — the haven and the spoorweg

The Dutch primary-school reader De Kleine Oosterling records Oleh-leh as the Dutch-built haven at the mouth of the Atjeh-rivier, calling it “onze haven op kust van Atjeh, door ons aangelegd” (our harbour on the coast of Atjeh, built by us). The reader describes the haven’s bustling activity — steamships, praus ferrying goods to shore, steam cranes at the pier, rows of houses, toko’s, and officers, soldiers, natives and coolies moving among the buildings and warehouses — and records the spoorweg connecting Oleh-leh to Kotta-Radja, with trains running several times daily in each direction. In the school-textbook narrative, Oleh-leh is presented as the principal instance of the Dutch colonial state’s constructive (opbouwende) activity in Atjeh, framed against the fanatiek resistance of the Atjeh-oorlog.

Account from ATJEH ‘96 (Kruisheer, 1913) — the 1896 naval base

As described in Kruisheer’s ATJEH ‘96, Oleh-leh was the coastal port near Koeta Radja at which Dutch troops and reinforcements landed, at which warships anchored “ter reede van Oleh-leh” (in the roadstead of Oleh-leh), and from which the marine operated throughout the Atjeh-oorlog. After the defection of 29 March 1896 the port was defended by the marineschepen (marine ships) Sumbawa and Tromp on the west side and Flores on the east side. A 3.7 cm quick-firing gun was placed on the spit in the south-west bastion; 2 officers and 52 men of the landingsdivisie (landing division) reinforced the garrison; and the marine placed a 7 cm A. battery near the lagune (lagoon) behind the plaatsbureau (local office) on 31 March 1896. Oleh-leh was the embarkation point for Hansen’s Ladoeng landing column of 22 June 1896.

Description and Location (ATJEH ‘96 account)

Oleh-leh lay on the coast immediately to the west of Koeta Radja, and formed the seaward anchor of the Dutch defensive perimeter. The port was sheltered by the off-lying islands and the Poeloe Weh coaling station some distance to the north. The roadstead (“reede van Oleh-leh”) was the anchorage of the Dutch warships operating on the Atjeh station. A lagune behind the local office provided a secondary anchorage and the site of the marine 7 cm A. battery. A spit in the south-west bastion was the site of the 3.7 cm snelvuurkanon (quick-firing gun). The Controleur te Oleh-leh was a civil administrative officer mentioned in Teuku Umar’s letters.

Historical Background (ATJEH ‘96 account)

Oleh-leh had been the principal landing-place of the Dutch expeditions against Atjeh since 1873, and had been fortified as the seaward anchor of the Geconcenteerde Linie (Concentrated Line) from 1884 onward. The marine maintained a permanent presence at Oleh-leh, and the roadstead was the station of the Dutch naval squadron supporting military operations ashore. The controleur at Oleh-leh served as the civil administrative officer for the coastal region. After 1893 the policy of arming Teuku Umar as Panglima Prang Besar had been administered in part through the controleur at Oleh-leh.

Role in the 1896 Operations (ATJEH ‘96 account)

Oleh-leh was the centre of the Dutch naval response to the defection of 29 March 1896. On 31 March 1896 the marine placed a 7 cm A. battery near the lagune behind the plaatsbureau; a 3.7 cm snelvuurkanon was placed on the landtong (spit) in the south-west bastion, and 2 officers and 52 men of the landingsdivisie reinforced the garrison. The marineschepen Sumbawa and Tromp on the west side and Flores on the east side defended the port. From 1 May to 4 May 1896 the naval demonstration in the Kroeng-Raba bay was conducted by warships operating from Oleh-leh. On 22 June 1896 the Ladoeng landing column under Hansen embarked at Oleh-leh aboard the H. M. Merapi, the Gouvernementsstoomer Condor, and the Albatros, and sailed for Ladoeng. After 12 May 1896 a detachment of mariniers (marines) was posted at Oleh-leh as a standing garrison.

Significance (ATJEH ‘96 account)

Oleh-leh was the indispensable naval and logistical base of the Dutch enterprise in Atjeh. Its seaward defences, reinforced immediately after the defection of 29 March 1896, were a prerequisite for the dispatch of reinforcements from Java and for the conduct of the marine bombardments of Lepong and the Ladoeng landing. The embarkation of the Hansen column at Oleh-leh on 22 June 1896 demonstrated the port’s continuing strategic importance at the end of the first semester of 1896.

Account from De onderwerping van Atjeh (Van Heutsz, 1893)

In Van Heutsz’s 1893 tract De onderwerping van Atjeh, Oleh-leh — the Dutch-controlled port at the mouth of the Atjeh-river beside the Dutch colonial capital of Kota Radja — is the operational pivot of every Dutch attempt to control Groot-Atjeh’s maritime trade, and, with Edi on the Oostkust, one of the two havens exempted from Generaal van der Heijden’s unilateral closures of 1878 and 5 July 1879 of all the havens of Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden.

The Dutch-controlled outlet and the rice-bins irony

Oleh-leh stood at the mouth of the Atjeh River on the coastal fringe of the vallei van Groot-Atjeh, beside the Dutch colonial seat of Kota Radja. Its situation made it the natural maritime outlet of the Dutch geconcentreerde stelling — the concentrated defensive perimeter established by Generaal van Swieten in 1874 — and the seat of a civiel bestuur (civil administration) through which the in- and out-flow of goods at Groot-Atjeh’s river-mouth was administered. The great irony of the 1876–1877 Groot-Atjeh closure — and the lesson Van Heutsz repeatedly draws from it — was that Oleh-leh, the Dutch-administered outlet, had become the very place where the inland enemy stored its rice. Van Heutsz records the scene as the klassieke exhibit of the failure of a one-sided closure of Groot-Atjeh:

“dat in 1876, (wie van hen, die destijds te Atjeh waren, herinnert het zich niet?) groote hoeveelheden rijst met en zonder passen van het civiele bestuur van Oleh-leh door de VI en IV Moekims naar de XXII en XXVI Moekims gingen, zoodat zelfs gezegd werd, dat de vijand zijne rijstschuren bij ons te Oleh-leh had” (that in 1876 (who of those who were then in Atjeh does not remember it?) great quantities of rice, with and without passes from the civil administration of Oleh-leh, went through the VI and IV Moekims to the XXII and XXVI Moekims, so that it was even said that the enemy had his rice-bins at our Oleh-leh).

The enemy’s rice-bins stood at the Dutch administration’s own port — a paradox that converted the closure from a coercive instrument into a Dutch-administered supply line. The lesson Van Heutsz drew was that the closure of Groot-Atjeh alone was useless unless extended across the Onderhoorigheden: only a general closure of the entire ring of coastal statelets, combined with the controlled scheepvaartregeling at the Dutch-administered ports, could convert Oleh-leh from the enemy’s rice-bin into the Dutch cash-box.

The 1878 and 1879 exemptions

Van der Heijden’s two unilateral closures of the Atjeh coast were undertaken against the Gouverneur-Generaal’s expressed wishes and at the General’s persoonlijke verantwoordelijkheid (personal responsibility). The first came in 1878, after the inval (incursion) of Habib Abdoel Rachman had forced the resumption of the campaign in the XXII Moekims:

“Reeds in 1878, na hervatting van de krijgsoperatiën in de XXII Moekims, liet hij daarom alle havens van Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, met uitzondering van Olehleh en Edi, voor den invoerhandel sluiten” (Already in 1878, after the resumption of military operations in the XXII Moekims, he therefore closed all havens of Atjeh and Onderhoorigheden, with the exception of Olehleh and Edi, to the import trade).

The closure was revoked by Gouverneur-Generaal Van Lansberge by letter of 7 February 1879 — the G.-G. wilde dezen, eigenmachtig genomen wijzen maatregel niet goedkeuren, gelastte daarom bij brief van 7 Februari 1879 dien maatregel onverwijld in te trekken (would not approve this measure taken on his own authority, and therefore ordered by letter of 7 February 1879 that the measure be withdrawn forthwith). The second closure, imposed on Van der Heijden’s persoonlijke verantwoordelijkheid by telegram of 5 July 1879, again exempted Oleh-leh and Edi. The two exemptions fixed Oleh-leh, with Edi, as one of the two open ports of the entire Atjehnese rijk during the Van der Heijden campaigns. The exemption was the operational precedent for the systematic scheepvaartregeling of May 1883 and for Van Heutsz’s own 1893 prescription of open ports at Oleh-leh and Poeloe Waij.

The 1884 partial closure: one of three open call-ports

Oleh-leh’s role as a Dutch-administered open port was confirmed by the General Demmeni besluit of 13 October 1884, which established the three call-ports through which all foreign trade with the Noord- en Oostkust had to pass. Van Heutsz records the arrangement: alleen Edi, Segli en Oleh-leh voor de geheele Noord- en Oostkust (only Edi, Segli, and Oleh-leh, for the entire Noord- en Oostkust). The three call-ports were the operational core of Demmeni’s hybrid scheme — a partieele blokkade (partial blockade) combined with a soort scheepvaartregeling (a kind of shipping-regulation) — under which all foreign ships had to call first at one of the three before proceeding to any of the not-closed points of the coast. The scheme was, in Van Heutsz’s diagnosis, the worst of both worlds — geen rigoureuse blokkade (no rigorous blockade) but also geen echte scheepvaartregeling (no true shipping-regulation) — but Oleh-leh’s role as the Groot-Atjeh call-port survived.

The 1891 high-water mark: Oleh-leh as the coerced outlet

The high-water mark of Van Teijn’s closure-policy, reached in the beginning of 1891, was that the Noordkust chiefs themselves were begging to be allowed to deliver their accumulated produce to Oleh-leh. Van Heutsz records the effect:

“van verschillende zijden allerlei dringende voorstellen en smeekbeden kwamen, zooals b. v. van de Noordkust om al wat daar aan producten opgestapeld lag aan ons te Oleh-leh te mogen afleveren” (from various sides all kinds of urgent proposals and supplications came, such as for example from the Noordkust to be allowed to deliver at our Oleh-leh all that was stacked up there in the way of products).

The Noordkust’s dringende voorstellen en smeekbeden — its urgent proposals and supplications to deliver its produce at Oleh-leh — was the empirical proof of the closure’s coercive power: by closing the entire ring of Onderhoorigheden and leaving Oleh-leh as the only Dutch-administered outlet, Van Teijn had converted Oleh-leh from the enemy’s rice-bin (the 1876 irony) into the Dutch-administered produce-receiving port for the entire closed coast. The same operational lesson recurred in 1890 when T. Moeda Rajoet of the XXVI Moekims verzocht te mogen uitvoeren via Oleh-leh — requested permission to export via Oleh-leh — and offered to pay f 10000 contanten and free Dutch march-through the XXVI Moekims in exchange.

The 1893 prescription: Oleh-leh as one of two free ports

In Van Heutsz’s own 1893 prescription, Oleh-leh was to be one of only two vrijhavens (free ports) of the entire rijk. The Van Teijn prescription that Van Heutsz endorses had been Zooals de stand van zaken nu is, achtte de Generaal van Teijn het noodig dat Oleh-leh, behalve voor den invoer van opium, eene vrijhaven wordt (As things now stand, General van Teijn considered it necessary that Oleh-leh, except for the import of opium, become a free port) — and Van Heutsz concurred: Naar mijn oordeel heeft de Generaal gelijk en moet Oleh-leh een vrijhaven blijven (In my judgement the General is right and Oleh-leh must remain a free port). The free-port status was, in Van Heutsz’s argument, the operational counterpart to the closure of the rest: with the entire ring of Onderhoorigheden under scheepvaartregeling and the closed coast under sluiting, Oleh-leh would become het middelpunt … waarom alles draait — the centre around which everything turned — for the entire Groot-Atjeh trade. Should the marine-station plan for Poeloe Waij be realised, Oleh-leh would share with Waij the singular status of the only two free ports of the entire Atjehnese rijk: moet dan niet alleen die vestiging op Waij eene vrijhaven zijn, maar met Oleh-leh de eenige vrijhaven van het geheele gebied (not only must that establishment on Waij be a free port, but with Oleh-leh the only free port of the entire territory).

Significance (Van Heutsz account)

Oleh-leh’s significance in Van Heutsz’s 1893 tract rests on its being the operational pivot of every Dutch closure-and-scheepvaartregeling scheme — the Dutch-controlled outlet at the mouth of the Atjeh River beside the colonial seat; one of the two havens (with Edi) exempted from Van der Heijden’s two unilateral closures of 1878 and 5 July 1879; the place whose 1876 rice-trade exposed the operational irony de vijand zijne rijstschuren bij ons te Oleh-leh had — the lesson of which became the central prescription of the 1893 tract; and the Groot-Atjeh-side vrijhaven that, together with the proposed marine station on Poeloe Waij, was to be one of the only two free ports of the entire Atjehnese rijk under the scheepvaartregeling Van Heutsz would himself implement as Governor of Atjeh from 1898 onward.

Nineteenth-Century Historiography & Campaign Analysis

Fortifications and Capture

Prior to 1873, the port was defended by coastal bentengs (Coastal Fortifications in Aceh) armed with munitions imported from Penang. Captured by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army during the Second Aceh Expedition in December 1873, Oleh-leh became the principal maritime port of disembarkation for Dutch troop reinforcements and hospital ships.

Logistical and Medical Center

Under General J. L. J. H. Pel in 1874 and 1875, Oleh-leh was linked via supply road to Sinangri and Pekan Badak. The Medical Service in Aceh constructed major sanitary hospital sheds at Oleh-leh to evacuate cholera patients away from the overcrowded Kraton of Aceh (Field Hospital and Cholera Epidemics in Aceh).

Account in Hooijer’s De verlaten posten in Groot-Atjeh (1897)

Oleh-leh was the port of Kota Radja in Groot-Atjeh, mentioned by G. B. Hooijer as the place where Japanese women had established themselves, referred to in a jocular inscription painted inside the benteng of Kroeng Gloempang.

The inscription at Kroeng Gloempang

Reading the soldiers’ facetiousness from the plate of the interior of Kroeng Gloempang, Hooijer explained that the inscription Japan 5 gulden een flesch portwijn — “Japan, five guilders a bottle of port wine” — referred to the dwelling-place of eenige, weinig preutsche, maar zeer inhalige Japansche schoonheden te Oleh-leh gevestigd: some Japanese women, little prudish but very grasping, established at Oleh-leh. The neighbouring inscription Heerengracht, at the end of the long passage between the barracks, indicated the officers’ quarters.

Account from Verstege’s Een beroep op het Nederlandsche volk (1886)

Verstege paints the Dutch harbour town through the incidents: Kroesen’s manuscript has it as the gate where every newcomer was met by the proud bearing of the natives of the moekim Marassa, and where in December 1875 the arrival of Majoor Romswinckel brought the sampan anecdote to light (see Kroesen (controleur at Oleh-leh) and Toekoe Nja Mohamad (Oleh-leh, 1875)); Fransen van de Putte’s advice of December 1882 to retreat to the limited position “Kraton, Atjeh rivier, Oleh-leh”; the landing-place of Toekoe Oemar’s murderous Lambesi treachery at Lambesi (3 July 1884); the repeatedly fired-on harbour of the concentration year — “Oleh-leh onze havenplaats herhaaldelijk beschoten” (repeatedly fired upon, per the Governor’s report of 6-18 August), the roadstead which the navy had to defend by gunfire on 15 October 1885, the bridge by the Atjeh-passer whose watch was attacked in the evening of 7 October 1885, and the tramway between Oleh-leh and Kota Radja which was blocked with iron wire and beams on 24 October and fired upon on 27 October 1885, proving, in the pamphlet’s words, that “binnen onze zoo beperkte linie geen veiligheid meer bestaat voor have en goed, zelfs niet voor onze troepen” (“inside our so limited line no safety any more exists for goods, not even for our troops”; see Guerilla raids inside the concentration line (1885)).

Account from Land en Volk van Atjeh Vroeger en Nu

Historic port town near Koetaradja. Once a lively, busy place, now declined. Destroyed by vloedgolf (tidal wave) and aardbeving (earthquake) in August 1936. Only a few Europeans remain. Recently a ‘platje’ (platform) built for moonlit ‘makan angin’ (evening stroll).Noordkust (near Koeta Radja); site of one of two weefschooltjes for reviving Acehnese weaving.Koeta Radja, on the eastern bank of the Atjeh River. Connection point for the K.P.M. and Atjeh Transport Mij. ships. Station of the Gouvernementsvaartuig ‘Wega’. Starting point of the Atjeh-Staatsspoor (1876). Site of weefscholen (weaving schools) and the location where the second Dutch expedition under Van Swieten landed on 9 December 1873.

Source: J. Jongejans, Land en Volk van Atjeh Vroeger en Nu (Baarn: Hollandia Drukkerij N.V., c. 1938), pp. 25, 47, 281, 283, 284, 285, 287, 291, 311, 320, 329, 331.

Sources

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De Buitenbezittingen, Deel II, Aflevering 2: Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, bewerkt door het Encyclopaedisch Bureau, Mededeelingen van het Bureau voor de Bestuurszaken der Buitenbezittingen (Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1917), pp. 15, 25–30, 38, 46–47, 214–217, 245.

Register op de eerste 50 jaargangen van het missietijdschrift der P.P. Jezuieten “St. Claverbond”, 1889 tot en met 1938, samengesteld door Herman Hagdorn S.J. en Jacques Dinjens (Nijmegen: Stichting St. Claverbond, 1939).

De Buitenbezittingen 1904 tot 1914, Deel I, bewerkt door het Encyclopaedisch Bureau, Mededeelingen van het Bureau voor de Bestuurszaken der Buitenbezittingen, Aflevering X (Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1917), p. 68 (section “De Atjeh-tram”), p. 83 (section “Midden-Sumatra-spoorweg”).

Vierhonderd jaren missie in Nederlandsch-Indië, 1593–1934 (Batavia: Algemeen Comité van Voorbereiding tot de Feestelijke Herdenking van 400 jaar Missie in Ned.-Indië, [1934]), p. 52 (chapter VI, on the Jesuit period). De Buitenbezittingen, Deel II, Aflevering 1: Sumatra, Algemeene Hoofdstukken, bewerkt door het Encyclopaedisch Bureau, Mededeelingen van het Bureau voor de Bestuurszaken der Buitenbezittingen, Aflevering X (Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1917), Hoofdstuk I (Oro-hydrographisch), p. 29. Verkenningen in Atjeh, by Dr. R. Broersma (De Locomotief, October 1923), chapters XIV and XV, ‘De Atjeh-tram’ and ‘Groot-Atjeh’, pp. 96, 107–108. Onze vestiging in Atjeh, critisch beschreven, by G. F. W. Borel, Kapitein der Artillerie. ‘s-Gravenhage: D. A. Thieme, 1878. pp. 30, 65, 85, 93–95, 103–104, 112–113, 115, 119–125, 132, 135, 141, 143–144, 156–162, 181, 195, 224.

ATJEH ‘96, door A. Kruisheer, Kapitein der Infanterie O.I.L., met 2 kaarten en 4 portretten (Weltevreden: N.V. Boekhandel Visser & Co, 1913). Instituut Kern, Leiden. OCR-filename: 20260715_163243_DLP-89-Atjeh_96_Met_2_kaarten_en4_DOORA_KRUISHEER_Kapiteinder_Infanterie_nemoretriever-ocr-v1_OCR.txt, pp. 14, 27, 28, 47, 48, 56, 138, 142, 145, 167, 187, 322, 324, 332.

De Kleine Oosterling — Iets uit de Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch-Indië. Leesboekje voor de Lagere Scholen, door J. Wijma, Tweede Druk (Kampen: Laurens van Hulst, 1901), Les 38 (“Een nieuwe stad”).

De geschiedenis van Nederland in onzen tijd, by J. A. de Bruyne, Directeur der Hoogere Burgerschool te Zierikzee. Deel IV. 1872-1883. Nieuwe uitgave. Schiedam: J. F. Dupont, 1912, Hoofdstuk I, pp. 33-37, 64-65, 85.

De onderwerping van Atjeh, door J. B. van Heutsz, Majoor der Infanterie, gewezen Chef van den Staf in Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden. ‘s-Gravenhage: De Gebroeders van Cleef; Batavia: G. Kolff en Co., 1893, esp. pp. 21, 29, 31, 35, 37. OCR-filename: 20260718_105749_DLP-107-De_onderwerping_van_Atjeh_Nemotron-OCR-v2_OCR.txt.

Over de eerste expeditie tegen Atjeh: Een antwoord aan Generaal de Stuers, G. G. Booms, ‘s-Gravenhage: A. van Hoogstraten & Zoon, 1875, pp. 8-11; Atjeh gedurende de tweede expeditie en later, Een Oud Officier, Batavia: Ogilvie & Co., 1876, pp. 14-22, 68-71.

De verlaten posten in Groot-Atjeh, door G. B. Hooijer, Gep. Luit.-Kolonel O. I. Leger, met 24 platen (Haarlem: De Erven F. Bohn; Batavia: G. Kolff & Co., 1897). Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Centrale Boekerij, Amsterdam. OCR-filename: 20260719_140140_DLP-134-De_verlaten_posten_in_Groot_Atjeh_Nemotron-OCR-v2_OCR.txt, pp. 52-53.

Acknowledgement of sources. This article is a single consolidated account combining the material previously held in this entry with the account given in De verlaten posten in Groot-Atjeh (1897) by G. B. Hooijer. Dutch terminology has been rendered in English, the original Dutch being retained only in direct quotations and in bibliographic citations.

De Geconcentreerde Stelling in Groot-Atjeh, ‘s-Gravenhage: De Gebroeders Van Cleef, 1885, pp. 19–23.

Land en Volk van Atjeh Vroeger en Nu, by J. Jongejans, Oud-Resident van het Gewest Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, with a foreword by Dr. H. Colijn (Baarn: Hollandia Drukkerij N.V., c. 1938), pp. 25, 47, 281, 283, 284, 285, 287, 291, 311, 320, 329, 331.

Een beroep op het Nederlandsche volk in zake het Atjeh-vraagstuk, door J. J. W. E. Verstege (Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy, 1886), pp. 15, 84-86, 88, 109-110. OCR: DLP-158.

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