Lho Soekon

Properties3
descriptionBivak and post in the Lho Seumawé area, seat of the civiel-gezaghebber Schouten, the division command, and the centre of resistance of Pang Nanggroë; the graves of Pang Nanggroë and Pang Lateh lie behind the keudé in kandangs.
tagsplace, bivak, aceh, aceh-war, north-coast, colonial, dutch, 20th-century, pang-nanggroe, onderafdeeling, zelfbestuur, underafdeeling, achehnese, noordkust-van-atjeh, paja-tjitjem, keureuto, sarikat-islam, samudra-pasé, town, noordkust, keureutoe, oil-field, atjeh, sumatra, exploration, region, 19th-century, rijstbouw, lho-soekon, administrative, landscape, swamp, pepper, marechaussee
aliasesLho Sukon, Lhok Sukon, bivak Lho Soekon, Lhoksoekon, Lhokseukon, Lhossckon, Lhosoekon, Lhoksoeken, Lhosukon, Lho Soekon onderafdeeling, Lho Seukon, Lhoksukon, the Lho' Soekon district, Lho Sukon (Atjeh), Lho-Sukon, Lho' Soekon, Lho' Sukon, Lhokseumawe region, Lho' Soekon (Noordkust afdeeling), Lho Sokoun, Onderafdeeling Lho Soekon

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Lho Soekon — also Lho Sukon, modern Lhok Sukon, also Lhoksoekon — was a bivak and post in the Lho Seumawé area on the North coast of Aceh, seat of the civiel-gezaghebber (civil authority) — Schouten held the post in the years of the false T. Radja Sabi — and of the division command that directed the maréchaussée-brigades operating against the bands of Pang Nanggroë, Tjoet Meuthia, and the adelaarsjong. The graves of Pang Nanggroë and Pang Lateh lie behind its keudé in wooden-enclosed kandangs, and the pasanggrahan of Lho Soekon is the setting of Zentgraff’s long interview with the grown T. Radja Sabi. In the 1930 compilation of Zelfbestuursverordeningen Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, Lhoksoekon appears as an onderafdeeling of the afdeeling Noordkust van Atjeh in the Gouvernement Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, seat of three zelfbesturende landschappen (Keureutoë, Matang Koeli, and Hakim Kroeeng Peutoë) whose oeleebalang collectively issued the woeker-verordening of 9 December 1926 (Reg. No. 1), the klappercultuur-verordening of 25 August 1916 (Reg. No. 18a), and the mantri-instructie of the same date for the klappercultuur (Reg. No. 18b).

Centre of resistance

In the years 1905–1910 the bende of Pang Nanggroë brought the whole country of Keureutoe, Pasé, and Lho Soekon to den rand van een algemeenen opstand — the edge of a general rising. The kampongs ran empty, the sawahs stayed unworked, hundreds of men went to the mountains; the work of ten years of fighting seemed lost. Zentgraff writes that “Pang Agam mèl in Lho Soekon” — Pang Agam submitted at Lho Soekon — became one of the standard phrases of the older Atjehers when they spoke of the lot of the men of those years; mèl or sjahid, one or the other, was the only fate the war allowed.

The murder of Meurandeh Paja, January 1905

On 26 January 1905 a patrol under sergeant Vollaers bivouacked at the meunasa of Meurandeh Paja, east of Lho Soekon. The troep had neglected every security measure; armed Atjehers who claimed to sell fruit and chickens were let inside the pagger, and two were even allowed to climb the ladder to where the commander lay reading. At a sudden signal the overval began; sixteen of the seventeen militairen were killed, only one Inlandsch fusilier escaping through the kampong. Long before he could reach a garrison, Swart — de latere generaal, toen commandant te Lho Seumawé — had the news; in Atjeh gaan zulke berichten zeer snel door het land. Swart joog met eene patrouille in den gemeensten marsch to Meurandeh Paja, found the sixteen corpses afschuwelijk toegetakeld, the sergeant’s body upstairs in the meunasa with his book beside him, and buried them in a mass grave.

The arrest and execution of T. Tjhi Toenong

The investigation of the Meurandeh Paja overval pointed to T. Tjhi Toenong. Swart let luitenant Van Vuuren arrest him cautiously when the Teukoe came to Lho Seumawé on 5 March 1905 for ordinary business. He was tried, condemned to death, and — at Van Daalen’s insistence that a worthy fighter should not hang — shot on the strand.

The brigades of Mosselman and Kretz

In July 1910 luitenant Mosselman came to Lho Soekon, en in October was ik al vrij aardig ingeloopen. From Lho Soekon the brigades of Mosselman, Kretz, and Van Slooten set out after Pang Nanggroë’s bende and after the adelaarsjong. On 25 September 1910 sergeant Van Slooten overvalled the bende in the Paja Tjitcem; Pang Nanggroë was killed, and his body was brought to Lho Soekon for recognition by the bevolking. Het werd begraven achter de keudé van Lho Soekon, en daar ligt het nu nog binnen eene afgedekte houten omwanding, eene kandang. Beside it, in another kandang, lies the body of Pang Lateh — zij zijn in den dood weer bij elkaar, als op menigen ouden krijgstocht.

The interview with T. Radja Sabi

Tegenover mij in de pasanggrahan van Lho Soekon zit een Atjeher van bijna veertigjarigen leeftijd — so begins Zentgraff’s account of his meeting with the grown T. Radja Sabi, who had returned from the forests in 1919 and was, by 1937, acting oeléëbalang of Keureutoe. They talked in the pasanggrahan of Lho Soekon, en eene sterke emotie beving mij bij de treffendste episoden van zijn verhaal. Dan gaan wij naar de keudé, en een eindje daarachter liggen binnen houten wanden de graven van Pang Nanggroë en Pang Lateh.

Significance

Lho Soekon is the bivak-anchor of the Keureutoe-epos: the place from which the brigades of Mosselman and Kretz marched, where the bodies of the dead resisters lie under their kandang-enclosures behind the keudé, and where Zentgraff sat across from the grown adelaarsjong to hear the boy’s-war told in the man’s voice. The djaksa’s news to Schouten — dat hij in staat was den lang gezochten T. Radja Sabi uit de bergen naar beneden te brengen — that opened the valsche-pretendent affair of 1913 was delivered at the civiel-gezaghebber’s house at Lho Soekon.

Account from Zelfbestuursverordeningen Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden (1930) — collective vaststelling

In the 1930 compilation of Zelfbestuursverordeningen Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, Lhoksoekon was an onderafdeeling of the afdeeling Noordkust van Atjeh, seat of three zelfbesturende landschappen — Keureutoë, Matang Koeli, and Hakim Kroeeng Peutoë — whose oeleebalang jointly issued every Lhoksoekon-seated regulation. The collective signatory clause common to its three regulations — “Kami Oeleebalang Negeri: De Zelfbesturen van: Keureutoë Hakim Kroeeng Peutoë Matang Koeli” (We, the Oeleebalang of the Negeri: The Zelfbesturen of: Keureutoë, Hakim Kroeeng Peutoë, Matang Koeli) — is the cleanest single illustration in the 1930 compilation of the Atjeh practice of collective vaststelling (collective enactment) by the oeleebalang of an onderafdeeling. The three regulations are:

The woeker-verordening of 9 December 1926 (Reg. No. 1)

The woeker-verordening (anti-usury regulation) of 9 December 1926 is the first-numbered regulation in the 1930 compilation and the principal Justitie regulation of the entire book. It was approved by the Gouverneur on 21 December 1926 and is explicitly modeled on the metropolitan anti-usury statute, Staatsblad 1916 No. 643. The legal basis invoked is the Zelfbestuursregelen 1919 (Staatsblad No. 822). The regulation consists of a single Eenig artikel providing that any contract in which one party exploits the lightness, inexperience, or necessity of the other to extract a benefit exceeding the legitimate value of the consideration shall be voidable as woeker (usury). The comparative table extends the woeker-regeling by parallel GELIJKE VERORDENINGEN to the onderafdeelingen Sigli, Meureudoe, Lammeulo, Idi, Tjalang, Gajo LoeBus, Alaslanden, Zuidelijke Atjehsche landschappen, and Simeuloed — a synchronised Gouvernement-wide rollout of the anti-usury template that Lhoksoekon had originated.

The klappercultuur-verordening of 25 August 1916 (Reg. No. 18a)

The klappercultuur-verordening (coconut-cultivation regulation) of 25 August 1916 — full title Zelfbestuursverordening van 25 Augustus 1916 tot bescherming van klapperaanplantingen tegen rupsen- of insectenplaag in de zelfbesturende landschappen van de onderafdeeling Lhoksoekon (Self-government regulation of 25 August 1916 for the protection of coconut plantings against caterpillar- or insect-plague in the self-governing landschappen of the onderafdeeling Lhoksoekon). The regulation protects not only the coconut (klapper / kelapa) but four other palm species — nibeeng (nibong), aren (areng), roembia (rumbia), and pohon nipah (nipah) — that share the same insect-pest vulnerability. Its distinctive feature is the mandatory sanitation regime: every dead or dying palm must be cut down and burned with its roots, or buried three feet deep, or submerged in water, with all refuse burned. The regulation was extended by parallel regelingen to Padangtidji, Lammeulo, Sigli, Meureudoe, Idi, Tamiang, Langsa, Takingeun, Serbeudjadi, Gajo LoeBus, Alaslanden, Tjalang, Meulaboh, Tapaktoean, and the Zuidelijke Atjehsche landschappen.

The mantri-instructie of 25 August 1916 (Reg. No. 18b)

The mantri-instructie of the same date — Zelfbestuursbesluit van 25 Augustus 1916 tot vaststelling van een instructie voor de mantri’s voor de klappercultuur in de Zelfbesturende Landschappen in de onderafdeeling Lhoksoekon (Self-government decree of 25 August 1916 establishing an instruction for the mantri’s of the klappercultuur in the self-governing landschappen of the onderafdeeling Lhoksoekon) — is the operational supplement to Reg. No. 18a. It establishes the specialised corps of klapper-mantri’s — native auxiliary civil servants charged with toezicht (oversight) on the klappercultuur — and prescribes their duties, the journals they must keep, and their subordination to the Plaatselijk Besturend Ambtenaar. The Malay recital converts the Gregorian date to the Hijri: 25 Sjawal van het Mohammedaansche jaar — i.e. 25 Sawal 1334 AH — the only Hijri date in the chunk.

The mantri-instructie is notable for the explicit dual subordination it establishes: the klapper-mantri’s, though appointed by and reporting to the kepala negeri (the oeleebalang), must obey the orders of the European Plaatselijk Besturend Ambtenaar in klappercultuur matters. The same dual subordination recurs in Reg. No. 20 (the veterinary-mantri instructie of 15 July 1917 for Bireuën).

Lhoksoekon as a node in the Gouvernement-wide regulatory mesh

Beyond the three Lhoksoekon-seated regulations, the onderafdeeling receives parallel regelingen in the comparative tables of nearly every other regulation in the compilation. By the time the 1930 compilation went to press, Lhoksoekon was thus a node in a Gouvernement-wide regulatory mesh: it originated three regulations (Nos. 1, 18a, 18b) and received parallel regelingen of at least seven others (Nos. 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16) — including the heerendienst-regeling of 18 Augustus 1928 (Reg. No. 14, the Bireuën heerendienst-regeling) and the Mohammedaansch godsdienstonderwijs regulation (Reg. No. 12). Lhoksoekon is, in this sense, the empirical demonstration of the collective-vaststelling and parallel-regeling practice that the 1930 compilation as a whole documents.

Account from Verkenningen in Atjeh (1923)

Lho Soekon — also written Lho’ Soekon — is an onderafdeeling of the afdeeling Noordkust van Atjeh in the Gouvernement Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, lying between the rivers Djamboe Aje and Pasé, in a region that once formed part of the ancient kingdom of Samoedra-Pasé, over which the Atjehnese sultans gained lordship in the sixteenth century — their century of expansion.

Geography

In the middle of Lho Soekon run the rivers Peutoë, Pira and Keureutò — pronounced Kertó — which near the chief place Lho Soekon connect with one another and flow to the sea in two arms. Remarkable is how the Keureuto divides the onderafdeeling in two, and how the two parts differ in the nature of the land: the south-eastern half is all paja — swamp — with a population of fifteen thousand souls, while the smaller northern half is free of it and counts twice the number of souls. The proportion will in time change; more people will come now that the head of Simpang Olim, Teukoe moeda Oesoeh, has tamed the floods of the Djamboe Aje and promoted the drainage of the river-basin.

The Paja Tjitjem

The great swamp of the south-eastern half is the Paja Tjitjem, for which the builder of the tram-line made a great curve. Even so he could not do without a dyke. The great military road could not wholly avoid the swamp either, and besides, a landschap-road runs through part of the paja right down to the sea, so that it is possible in this part of Lho Soekon to undertake a crusade. Such a journey is however no encouragement. A more desolate plain one can hardly imagine — a dingy region, endlessly sombre, lifeless. At a few points along the road one meets a wretched little neighbourhood with people of unfavourable appearance. How could it be otherwise, when rice-cultivation is so easily a complete failure and the laying out of drainage often disappoints, because the peat-soil easily subsides and makes the digging useless? The inhabitants, since rice-cultivation is precarious, need a side-income. Some find a meagre income in salt-making on the coast.

The Western Hills

West of this region lie the boekits — the hills of 100 to 300 metres which form the transition to the mountainous Rödjö Boekit. In those hills lives a population that plants pepper, though not so much that Lho Soekon could be called a pepper-land like Idi or Perlak or Groot-Atjeh. In 1921 Lho Soekon exported 1.383 picol. But that hill-region is marked in the annals of Atjeh’s military enterprise: when about fifteen years before Broersma’s visit — that is, about 1908 — the resistance flared up there, it proved difficult to reach, because it repeatedly withdrew from the Paja Tjitjem into the hills. Then Christoffel was sent with his marechaussées, who took a bivouac at Panon Labeuë and from there broke the resistance. He was called apitan rimoeeng — the tiger-captain — ‘omdat zijn greep bloedig was’ — because his grip was bloody. The memories of the suffering are still fresh in such a region as Keureuto; and when spiritual parasites misuse the doctrine of the holy war to keep minds bitter, double vigilance is required, a vigilance that is not ostentatious. And in such regions the presence of administrative officials with Atjeh-experience and knowledge of the language is highly to be valued.

The Landschap Keureuto

At Blang Djeroeën lives the oeléebalang of Keureuto, Teukoe Bentara Keureuto, who rules a large landschap and receives accordingly f 600 a month from the landschapskas in addition to f 125 for his car. The landschap has its fertile rice-plain in the west and its pepper-hills above. There are also five licences in the landschap Keureuto which have not yet been opened though the dues are already owed. ‘Met zulke bezoeken van «heet kapitaal» kan geen land zijn gediend’ — With such visits of «hot capital» no land can be served.

The Sarikat Islam

In Lho Soekon, as in the rest of the Afdeeling Noordkust van Atjeh, the Sarikat Islam showed a vigorous life after 1918. Traders, school-teachers — ‘laat ons zeggen de intellectueelen’ — but also several chiefs were members. A chief of Samalanga had joined by way of a move on the political chessboard on which he was playing against the influential Maharadja of Lho’ Seumawé, who had also become a member of the Sarikat Islam in order to strengthen his chances of retaining a landschap Plimbang. The movement in Lho’ Seumawe took the direction of bringing the distinction between believers and unbelievers to the fore, of undermining the Dutch government, and of working towards a union of oeléebalangs. Three chiefs of Lho’ Seumawe were banished in 1922.

Significance

Lho Soekon is the type-figure of the divided onderafdeeling — half fertile rice-plain, half lifeless swamp — and of the post-pacification frontier, where the memories of military action and the dangers of religious agitation are still close. Broersma’s account of Lho Soekon is one of the strongest passages in Verkenningen in Atjeh on the continuing need for vigilance in regions only recently pacified.

The killing of the resistance leaders

Twenty-two kilometres of marsh and forest from Lho’ Soekon lay the country of the three great Teungkoes. On 26 January 1905 the patrol of sergeant Vollaers was destroyed at Meurandéh Paja, east of Lho’ Soekon, sixteen of seventeen men being killed. On 26 September 1910 sergeant Slooten, having marched from Lho’ Soekon through Peutèë, killed Pang Nanggròë in the Paja Tjitjém; the body was brought back and buried behind the keudé, where it still lay in 1943, “within a covered wooden enclosure, a kandang. And immediately beside it, in such an enclosure too, rests the body of Pang Latèh, the energetic fellow-fighter of Pang Nanggròë.” On 22 October 1910 W. J. Mosselman marched out from Lho’ Soekon on the pursuit that ended three days later with the deaths of Tgk. Sjeh di Paja Bakong, Tgk. Mat Saleh and Tjoet Meutia.

In January 1913 the foragers of Tgk. di Mata Ië were vigorously driven off by the population at Lho’ Soekon; the last followers of T. Radja Sabi reported themselves there that year, leaving him to wander alone until 1919.

Murders

In 1917 a leper at Lho’ Soekon murdered the officier van gezondheid dr. J. Ph. Andriesse during examination; the perpetrator was sentenced to death. In June 1915 the officier van gezondheid De Vos was lightly wounded at Lho’ Soekon during vaccination, the perpetrator being killed by bystanders. On 11 March 1918 the Civil Authority, lieutenant Schouten, was attacked there; he soon recovered and the perpetrator was laid low.

Sources

The Geology of Indonesia, by R. W. van Bemmelen, Vol. II: Economic Geology (The Hague: Government Printing Office; Martinus Nijhoff, 1949), p. 9 (Situation Before Worldwar II). De Rijkdom van Atjeh, uitgegeven door het Atjeh-Instituut, Amsterdam, 1923. OCR-filename: 20260718_105749_DLP-110-De_rijkdom_van_Atjeh_Nemotron-OCR-v2_OCR.txt, p. 9.

Land en Volk van Atjeh Vroeger en Nu, by J. Jongejans, Oud-Resident van het Gewest Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, with a foreword by Dr. H. Colijn (Baarn: Hollandia Drukkerij N.V., c. 1938), pp. 164, 196, 205, 208, 209, 329, 331, 341.

Maréchaussée station (1910)

The 1930 jubilee number of Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië records the stations assigned to the Korps Maréchaussée in 1910: 1st Division at Blang Kedjeren; 2nd Division at Meulaboh; 3rd Division at Takèngan; 4th Division at Lam Meulo; and 5th Division at Lho Soekon, “zooals zij ook thans nog gelegerd is” — where it was still quartered at the time of the 1930 jubilee. Lho’ Soekon was the station of the 5th Division.

Earlier, in 1898, the corps had been localised with its Staff at Koeta Radja and its divisions at Selimoen, Indrapoeri, Tjot Mantjang and Glé Broet, Tjot Goet, and Lam Baroe and Lho’-Nga.

Account from Atjeh als land voor handel en bedrijf (1925)

Lho Soekon was underafdeeling of afdeeling Noordkust van Atjeh between rivers Djamboe Aje and Pasei, area earlier part of kingdom Samoedra-Pasé, where Atjeh sultans in 16th century expansion got and kept highness.

Geography

Middle Lho Soekon run rivers Peutoë, Pira and Keureutö (pronounce Kertō) which near hoofdplaats Lho Soekon get connection and in two arms to sea. Remarkable how Keureutoe splits underafdeeling in two towards nature land different: south-eastern half all paja, swamp, population 15 thousand souls, smaller northern half free counts double souls. Relation will on duration otherwise; comes more people now head Simpang Olim over whom previous chapter controlled floods Djamboe Aje and drainage promoted.

Great swamp here is Paja Tjitjem for which builder tram undertook big bending. Yet could not entirely without dike. Big military road likewise could not fully outside swamp remain and further landscape road to just near sea so possible in this part Lho Soekon crusade undertake. Such trip not reviving. More desolate plain hardly imaginable gray endless somber lifeless. Few points along road poor neighbourhood people unfavorable appearance. How otherwise when padi culture so easily entirely fails and laying drainage often disappoints because peat soil easily sinks making digging fruitless. Present population, as padi culture risky, needs side income. Some in salt winning coast scanty income find.

Social conditions

Known phenomenon inferior grounds often also indigenous rural population low level and reflects on heads backwardness forms obstacle developing labour Netherlands administration even danger for dutiful official If cannot rely cooperation heads work mostly fruitless Atjeh counts several capable heads oeléëbalangs and oelèëbalangs tjoet but also those not understanding administration seriousness not only imagine but act people exists for them. Such head accessible wrong applications abstention opposition. Before severe measure can be taken by government placing outside community own people already caused much harm few years ago working Sarikat Islam in afdeeling Noordkust wrong dangerous direction and banishment some younger heads could not stay behind. Bestuur especially delayed when folk head authority and finance exclusively for pleasure good cheer dresses association pursuit seeks reasons with felt hat silk socks patent shoes repeatedly other women serves trips Medan Then interior bestuur that already not on cooperation can count must above measure trace that not extorts and squeezes. Then smaller bigger frauds around. Earlier government finds reasons remove such head better.

Stands not established land best served heads most attached Netherlands government. Oelèëbalang lazy idle can yet very well correct insight that Netherlands authority secures place landscape certain against third parties. Obedience finds ground in well-understood self-interest and sees with special liking labour bestuursambtenaren where he folk head that has business only advantage experiences. So can be proponent good roads irrigation etc without moment breaking head or stretching hand.

Returning Paja Tjitjem — only few years ago agricultural association Avros Medan eye on extensive terrains start big padi culture in large to begin provide rice for contractants members. Important plan. Requested and obtained erfpacht although involved folk heads therein reluctantly consented; fairly expensive surveys done… Then turn came followed business slack Avros left Tjitjem plans loose so large rice enterprise stayed behind paja untouched.

West of area boekits hills 100-300m forming extent toward gebergte Rödjö Boekit. In hills population planting pepper though not so much that Lho Soekon pepper land to call like Idi or Peureula or Groot-Atjeh. In 1921 Lho Soekon 1383 picol exported. But hill region marked in Atjeh military annals: when about 15 years ago resistance flared difficult to reach because withdrew from paja Tjitjen to hills. Then Christoffel with maréchaussées sent bivouac at Panton Labeuë and from there subdued resistance kapitan rimoeëng called tiger-captain because grip bloody. Memories suffered sorrow in region Keureutoe still fresh; spiritual parasites misuse doctrine holy war keep moods bitter, then vigilance double necessary not conspicuous. Presence bestuursambtenaren with Atjeh experience and language knowledge highly valued.

At Blang Djeroëën lives oelèëbalang Keureutoe Teukoe Tjhi Bentara.

West fertile area and agriculture

In fairly favorable region like this overeat (?), known as someone who much rice eats as little other food. In lush area e.g., kampong Moeliën irrigation could be blessing. Between big kampongs spread beautiful blangs. Wide view cultivable plain mountain background big birds white feathers yellow beaks busy reigers etc. Cheerful outdoor life happy place peaceful farmer spared war. Kampongs many good houses ornament large bamboo wealth huge chairs many meters circumference tall dispute husbandman place planting garden trees.

In west underafdeeling lies fertile landscape Kroeëng Pasé (right bank Pasé river) usually indicated as area Hakim Kroeëng. Not large population not numerous but irrigation and if all grounds planted surplus exportable. Known petroleum sources in stream area river Ngom.

In Lho Soekon big agricultural industry represented by one enterprise in Pira region Pira-Estate no less than 3400 hectares opened 1918 with coffee and now also planted. Less good representation five permits landscape Keureutoe. No spade ground put though cijns due.

See Also

Account from Land en Volk van Atjeh Vroeger en Nu

Onderafdeeling in northern Aceh; site of Gayo dances (photo caption) and of a large vezel-onderneming (fiber estate) — the N.V. Cultuur Maatschappij Lho’ Soekon. Has extensive blang vlakten potentially suitable for rice after drainage. Rice harvest below average in 1937Onderafdelingshoofdplaats in theafdeeling Noordkust van Atjeh. Site of the landschap Keureutòë.

Source: J. Jongejans, Land en Volk van Atjeh Vroeger en Nu (Baarn: Hollandia Drukkerij N.V., c. 1938), pp. 164, 196, 205, 208, 209, 329, 331, 341.

Source

Atjeh, door H.C. Zentgraff. Gedrukt bij Drukkerij “De Unie”, 1938, Batavia. OCR-filename: 20260709_002148_DLP-81-Atjeh_OCR.txt. Zelfbestuursverordeningen Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, Serie A No. 9 of the Mededeelingen van de Afdeeling Bestuurszaken der Buitengewesten van het Departement van Binnenlandsch Bestuur, Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1930, esp. Inhoud (pp. V–VII) and Regs. 1, 18a, 18b (pp. 1, 102, 106). OCR-filename: 20260719_030404_DLP-112-Zelfbestuursverordeningen_Atjeh_en_onderhoorigheden_Nemotron-OCR-v2_OCR.txt. Verkenningen in Atjeh, by Dr. R. Broersma (De Locomotief, October 1923), chapter VIII, ‘Lho Soekon, licht en donker’, pp. 52–58. Generaal Swart, Pacificator van Atjeh (“General Swart, Pacifier of Atjeh”), by M. H. du Croo, Colonel K.N.I.L. (retired), with the collaboration of H. J. Schmidt, Titular Colonel K.N.I.L. (retired), with a foreword by His Excellency Lieutenant-General K.N.I.L. (retired) G. K. Dijkstra (Maastricht: N.V. Leiter-Nypels, 1943), Chapter X, pp. 94–101; Chapter XI, p. 105; Chapter XII, pp. 117–121.

Het Korps Maréchaussée in Atjeh: De Atjehsche Garde, 1890 - 2 April 1930 (“The Corps of Maréchaussée in Atjeh: The Atjehnese Guard”), Extra Jubileum-nummer of Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië issued for the fortieth anniversary of the corps (1930), pp. 1-16. Offprint DLP-143, Bibliotheek KITLV, accession 621 116 794. Atjeh als land voor handel en bedrijf, by Dr. R. Broersma, Gebrs. Cohen, Utrecht, 1925, pp. 47-52.

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