Figures, places, and events in Acehnese history associated with the year 1760.
People
- Alaedin Ahmat Shah
- Alaedin Juhan
- Alaedin Juhan Shah
- Amat Shah Juhan
- Imeum of Chadé
- Jamalul Alam
- Pochut Muhamat
- Pocut Muhamat
- Sultan Ahmat Shah
- Sultan Juhan Shah
Events
Other
Account from De Buitenbezittingen (1917) — 1760
1760 (approximately) was the year — recorded as “het jaar 1185 Moh. tijdr.” — in which sixteen chiefs from the Meulabôh region, led by a prominent merchant of that harbour town, made their appearance at the court of the Sultan of Atjeh and received, in exchange for a promise of regular tribute, sarakata’s — letters of appointment — confirming their authority. The Encyclopaedisch Bureau’s De Buitenbezittingen treats this event as the constitutional origin of the Kawaj XVI — the federation of sixteen Westkust chiefs under the customs-collectorship of the Keudjeuroeën Tjhï’ of Meulabôh.
The delegation to the Sultan
The sixteen chiefs — among them the keudjeuroeëns of Wojla, Boebôn, and Seunagan (with the oelèëbalang-tjoet of Seunagan), the three dato’s of Meulabôh, and various heads from the basin of the Kr. Meureubôh — were conducted to the Sultan’s court by a voornaam handelaar of Meulabôh. The Sultan, in exchange for the promise of regular tribute, issued sarakata’s confirming their authority and appointed their conductor to the office of belastinggaarder des Sultans — the Sultan’s customs-collector — with the title Keudjeuroeën Tjhï’. Henceforth the sixteen chiefs were required to pay their tribute through him. Also included in the delegation was the Panghoeloe-Sidik, charged with collecting the Sultan’s dues on the island of Simeuloë, which thereby became tributary to the Tjhï’ of Meulabôh.
The Kawaj XVI
The invloedsfeer of the Tjhï’ of Meulabôh over these sixteen tributary chiefs was later designated the Kawaj XVI — the “Kawé of sixteen” — to distinguish it from the chiefs of the Westkust who had received sarakata’s from the Sultan independently of the Tjhï’. The Tjhï’ gradually attempted to extend his territorial authority over the sixteen — succeeding with the three dato’s of Meulabôh but failing with the others. Dutch intervention in the late nineteenth century transformed the office, endowing Teukoe Tjhï’ of Meulabôh with territorial authority over the three dato-ships and a portion of the Kr. Meureubôh basin (excluding Beutông), and so creating the territorial chieftaincy that was still, by historical resonance, called the Kawaj XVI — though “in werkelijkheid dus heel iets anders dan de Kawaj XVI, waarover hij vroeger belastinggaarder was.”
The Kawaj XII parallel
The Kawaj XII of the Pedir highlands — the federation of twelve gold-seeker settlements in the mountains between Beutông and Keumala Dalam — is recorded as a parallel institution, with the Sultan’s keudjeuroeën mas (gold customs-collector) collecting a boengkaj of gold dust from each of the twelve settlements. The Kawaj XII was, however, depopulated by the decline of the gold workings and the cholera epidemic of 1878, and in 1914 was dissolved and divided between the onderafdeelingen of Sigli and Meulabôh.
See Also
- Kawaj XVI
- Kawaj XII
- Meulabôh
- Teukoe Tjhï’ Meulabôh
- Sultans of Atjeh
- Sarakata
- Seunagan
- Boebôn
- Wojla
- Simeuloë
- 1878
- 1914
Sources
The Achehnese, Vol. I, by Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje, translated by A.W.S. O’Sullivan, indexed by R.J. Wilkinson. Leyden: E.J. Brill, 1906.
Raffles’ Atjeh-overeenkomst van 1819, by P. H. van der Kemp, in Bijdragen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, 6e Volgr., Deel VII (1900), pp. 159–239. Universiteitsbibliotheek Vrije Universiteit, LS.08781.
De Buitenbezittingen, Deel II, Aflevering 2: Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, bewerkt door het Encyclopaedisch Bureau, Mededeelingen van het Bureau voor de Bestuurszaken der Buitenbezittingen (Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1917), pp. 54–55.
Figures, places, and events in Acehnese history associated with the year 1760.
People
- Alaedin Ahmat Shah
- Alaedin Juhan
- Alaedin Juhan Shah
- Amat Shah Juhan
- Imeum of Chadé
- Jamalul Alam
- Pochut Muhamat
- Pocut Muhamat
- Sultan Ahmat Shah
- Sultan Juhan Shah
Events
Other
Account from De Buitenbezittingen (1917) — 1760
1760 (approximately) was the year — recorded as “het jaar 1185 Moh. tijdr.” — in which sixteen chiefs from the Meulabôh region, led by a prominent merchant of that harbour town, made their appearance at the court of the Sultan of Atjeh and received, in exchange for a promise of regular tribute, sarakata’s — letters of appointment — confirming their authority. The Encyclopaedisch Bureau’s De Buitenbezittingen treats this event as the constitutional origin of the Kawaj XVI — the federation of sixteen Westkust chiefs under the customs-collectorship of the Keudjeuroeën Tjhï’ of Meulabôh.
The delegation to the Sultan
The sixteen chiefs — among them the keudjeuroeëns of Wojla, Boebôn, and Seunagan (with the oelèëbalang-tjoet of Seunagan), the three dato’s of Meulabôh, and various heads from the basin of the Kr. Meureubôh — were conducted to the Sultan’s court by a voornaam handelaar of Meulabôh. The Sultan, in exchange for the promise of regular tribute, issued sarakata’s confirming their authority and appointed their conductor to the office of belastinggaarder des Sultans — the Sultan’s customs-collector — with the title Keudjeuroeën Tjhï’. Henceforth the sixteen chiefs were required to pay their tribute through him. Also included in the delegation was the Panghoeloe-Sidik, charged with collecting the Sultan’s dues on the island of Simeuloë, which thereby became tributary to the Tjhï’ of Meulabôh.
The Kawaj XVI
The invloedsfeer of the Tjhï’ of Meulabôh over these sixteen tributary chiefs was later designated the Kawaj XVI — the “Kawé of sixteen” — to distinguish it from the chiefs of the Westkust who had received sarakata’s from the Sultan independently of the Tjhï’. The Tjhï’ gradually attempted to extend his territorial authority over the sixteen — succeeding with the three dato’s of Meulabôh but failing with the others. Dutch intervention in the late nineteenth century transformed the office, endowing Teukoe Tjhï’ of Meulabôh with territorial authority over the three dato-ships and a portion of the Kr. Meureubôh basin (excluding Beutông), and so creating the territorial chieftaincy that was still, by historical resonance, called the Kawaj XVI — though “in werkelijkheid dus heel iets anders dan de Kawaj XVI, waarover hij vroeger belastinggaarder was.”
The Kawaj XII parallel
The Kawaj XII of the Pedir highlands — the federation of twelve gold-seeker settlements in the mountains between Beutông and Keumala Dalam — is recorded as a parallel institution, with the Sultan’s keudjeuroeën mas (gold customs-collector) collecting a boengkaj of gold dust from each of the twelve settlements. The Kawaj XII was, however, depopulated by the decline of the gold workings and the cholera epidemic of 1878, and in 1914 was dissolved and divided between the onderafdeelingen of Sigli and Meulabôh.
See Also
- Kawaj XVI
- Kawaj XII
- Meulabôh
- Teukoe Tjhï’ Meulabôh
- Sultans of Atjeh
- Sarakata
- Seunagan
- Boebôn
- Wojla
- Simeuloë
- 1878
- 1914
Sources
The Achehnese, Vol. I, by Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje, translated by A.W.S. O’Sullivan, indexed by R.J. Wilkinson. Leyden: E.J. Brill, 1906.
Raffles’ Atjeh-overeenkomst van 1819, by P. H. van der Kemp, in Bijdragen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, 6e Volgr., Deel VII (1900), pp. 159–239. Universiteitsbibliotheek Vrije Universiteit, LS.08781.
De Buitenbezittingen, Deel II, Aflevering 2: Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden, bewerkt door het Encyclopaedisch Bureau, Mededeelingen van het Bureau voor de Bestuurszaken der Buitenbezittingen (Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1917), pp. 54–55.